詞性轉換
一、轉譯成動詞
例如:I admire your decision to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.
譯文:你決定戰勝複習考試中的困難,這一點我很羡慕。
(一)名詞轉譯成動詞
1.由動詞派生的名詞轉譯成動詞。
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已經用來探索宇宙。
In Taiwan, there is a lot of emphasis on politeness.
在台灣,人們非常注重講禮貌。
2.含有動作意味的名詞往往可以轉譯成動詞。
A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation.
仔細研究原文,你會翻譯得更好。
The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
看到我們的噴射飛機,聽見隆隆的機聲,令我特別神往。
3.英語中有些加尾碼-er的名詞, He is a good singer.
他唱歌唱得好。
Those small factories are also lavish consumer and waster of raw materials.
那些小工廠還在極大的消耗和浪費原材料。
4.有些短語中作為中心主體詞的名詞往往可轉譯成動詞,如To have a rest 和To have a good look at 裡的rest 和look.
You must be tired. Why don’t you take a rest?
你一定很累了,為什麼不休息一會呢?
The car braked sharply, coming to rest on the edge of the cliff.
汽車猛的刹住,停在懸崖邊上。
(二)形容詞轉譯成動詞
I am anxious about his health.
我擔心他的身體健康。
Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.
科學家們都深信,所有的物質都是不滅的。
常見的有:
與思維和知覺相關的形容詞:aware, conscious, certain, sure, mindful, ignorant, alert等;
與情感相關的形容詞:glad, pleased, cautious, careful, angry, happy, exhilarated, excited, confident, thankful, grateful, concerned, eager, afraid, doubtful, sorry等;
與欲望相關的形容詞:desirous, hopeful, anxious, keen, enthusiastic, zealous等。
(三)副詞轉譯成動詞
She opened the window to let fresh air in.
她把窗子打開,讓新鮮空氣進來。
After careful investigation they found the design behind.
經過仔細研究之後,他們發現這個設計落後了。
二、轉譯成名詞
(一)英語中很多由名詞派生的動詞,以及由名詞轉用的動詞,在中文中往往不易找到相應的動詞,這時可將其轉譯成中文名詞。
1.名詞派生的動詞
This kind of behavior characterizes the criminal mind.
這種舉止是罪犯的心理特徵。
To them, he personified the absolute power.
在他們看來,他就是絕對權威的化身。
2.名詞轉用的動詞
Our age is witnessing a profound political change.
我們的時代是深刻政治變革的見證。
Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth’s atmosphere after completing their missions.
美國絕大多數間諜衛星,按其設計,是在完成使命後,在大氣層中焚毀。
(二)有些英語被動式句子中的動詞,可以譯成“受(遭)到……+名詞”、“予(加)以+名詞”這類結構。
He was treated very shabbily by the press during this period.
在這期間,他受到了新聞界極不公正的對待。
I was encouraged by our president.
我得到了校長的鼓勵。
(三)形容詞轉譯成名詞
1.英語中有些形容詞加上定冠詞表示某一類的人,漢譯時常譯成名詞。
They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.
他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號和傷患。
Both compounds are acids, the former is strong and the latter is weak.
這兩種都是酸。前者是強酸,後者是弱酸。
2.有時候根據情況,可以靈活處理,把有些形容詞轉換成名詞來翻譯。
He was eloquent and elegant—but soft.
他有口才、有風度,但性格軟弱。
His whole family were religious.
他全家都是虔誠的教徒。
三、轉譯成形容詞
(一) 形容詞派生的名詞往往可以轉譯成形容詞。
This issue is of vital importance.
這個問題至關重要。
The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她蒼白的臉色清楚地表明瞭她那時的情緒。
(二) 有些名詞加不定冠詞作表語時,往往要以轉譯成形容詞。
Our performance was a success.
我們的演出很成功。
Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.
獨立思考對學習是絕對必需的。
四、其他詞類轉譯
(一)形容詞與副詞的互相轉譯
1.由於英語中的名詞在翻譯的時候可以轉換成中文動詞,所以修飾該名詞的形容詞往往轉譯成中文副詞。
We must make full use of exiting technical equipment.
我們必須充分利用現有的技術設備。
This is sheer nonsense.
這完全是胡說
2.由於英語中的動詞在翻譯的時候可以轉換成中文名詞,所以修飾該動詞的副詞往往轉譯成形容詞。
This film impressed him deeply.
這部電影給了他深刻的印象。
(二)名詞與副詞的互相轉譯
1.名詞轉譯成副詞
The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.
新市長有禮貌地前來訪問城市貧民,獲得了他們的一些好感。
2.副詞轉譯成名詞
It is officially announced that China has successfully launched her fist manned spaceship.
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